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12th International Conference on Ground Penetrating
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June 16-19 2008, Birmingham UK
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Ground
penetrating radar (GPR, sometimes called ground probing
radar, georadar,
subsurface radar, earth sounding radar or "radar terrestre penetrant")
is a
noninvasive electromagnetic geophysical technique for subsurface
exploration,
characterization and monitoring (history).
It is widely
used in locating lost utilities, environmental site characterization
and monitoring,
agriculture, archaeological and forensic investigation, unexploded
ordnance and land mine
detection, groundwater, pavement and infrastructure characterization,
mining, ice
sounding, permafrost, void, cave and tunnel detection, sinkholes,
subsidence, karst, and a
host of other applications. It may be
deployed from the surface by hand or
vehicle, in boreholes,
between boreholes, from aircraft and from satellites. It has the highest
resolution of any geophysical
method for imaging the subsurface, with centimeter scale resolution
sometimes possible.
Resolution
is controlled by
wavelength of the propagating
electromagnetic
wave in the ground. Resolution increases with increasing
frequency (shorter
wavelength). Depth of investigation
varies
from less than one meter in mineralogical clay soils like
montmorillonite to more than
5,400 meters in polar ice. Depth of investigation increases with
decreasing
frequency but with decreasing resolution. Typical depths of
investigation in
fresh-water saturated, clay-free sands are about 30 meters.
Depths of investigation
(and resolution) are controlled by electrical
properties
through conduction losses, dielectric relaxation in water,
electrochemical reactions at
the mineralogical clay-water interface, scattering
losses, and
(rarely) magnetic relaxation losses in iron
bearing
minerals. Scattering losses are the result of spatial scales of heterogeneity approaching the size of the
wavelength in the ground
(like the difference between an ice cube and a snowball in scattering
visible
light). Detectability
of objects in the
ground depends upon their size, shape, and orientation relative to the antenna, contrast with the host medium,
as well as
radiofrequency noise and interferences.
This is representative but greatly oversimplified: see tutorial.
GRORADAR™
data processing, modeling and display software.
Library,
Bibliographic and Data Search Links
Search "ground
penetrating radar",
"georadar" or "ground probing radar" on:
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GRORADAR™
Contact
Information:
Postal address: P.O. Box
1520, Golden,
CO
80402-1520 USA
Shipping:
1818 Smith
Road, Golden, CO 80401-1756 USA
Phone:
303-279-7932 Fax:
303-273--9202
Email: golhoeft@g-p-r.com Resume and Publications of Gary R. Olhoeft
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